Reference library

Read the figures for yourself.

Selected figures from Graphy's material and clinical characterisation, redrawn from the published studies behind Graphy's summary. The headline results are rebuilt as our own charts on the Technology page; this page is the source material behind them.

About these figures

Every figure on this page is redrawn from the published study or test report it cites, using the figures the authors report. Two things are deliberately not here: figures characterising Graphy's prosthetics resins, which describe a different material class to the aligner, and case-report imagery showing identifiable patients. Journal article pages are not reproduced either. Each paper is linked to its publisher record on the Technology page.

Test	Standard	Result	Report
Cytotoxicity (elution method)	ISO 10993-5	Non-cytotoxic to L-929 mouse fibroblast cells	BIO-GNT 1384
Sensitization (GPMT)	ISO 10993-10	Non-sensitizer to guinea pig skin	BIO-ATX 3190
Irritation (acute oral mucosa)	ISO 10993-10	Oral mucosal irritation index of zero	BIO-ATX 3191
Intracutaneous reactivity	ISO 10993-10	Non-irritant to rabbit skin	BIO-ATX 3192
Acute systemic toxicity	ISO 10993-11	No systemic toxicity in mice at 50 mL/kg	BIO-ATX 3193
Subacute systemic toxicity	ISO 10993-11	No gross or microscopic changes in rats	BIO-CTX 606
Subchronic systemic toxicity	ISO 10993-11	No gross or microscopic changes in rats	BIO-CTX 362
Genotoxicity (bacterial reverse mutation)	ISO 10993-3	Non-mutagenic at 100% extract	BIO-GNT 1385
Genotoxicity (chromosomal aberration)	ISO 10993-3	Non-clastogenic with and without metabolic activation	BIO-GNT 1386

Safety Biocompatibility panel Nine ISO 10993 tests on Tera Harz Clear, with the laboratory report number for each, from Graphy's test reports. Biocompatibility describes tissue contact, not treatment effect.

Literature context Thermoformed-aligner movement literature Published thermoformed-aligner studies report incomplete movement predictability, with root movement and translation among the least predictable movements. That literature describes a different manufacturing route. It is not a SmartAligners patient result and is not shown here as a product chart.

Elapsed time
Elapsed time	0	10 sec	30 sec	1 min	5 min	10 min	60 min
Bending angle (°)	177.00 ± 1.44	146.27 ± 3.92	107.23 ± 7.05	79.43 ± 6.45	31.53 ± 5.48	20.32 ± 5.49	6.90 ± 2.68
Shape recovery ratio (%)	0	17.36 ± 2.06	39.42 ± 3.90	55.12 ± 3.64	82.19 ± 3.09	88.52 ± 3.10	96.11 ± 1.50

Shape memory Shape recovery at 37 °C Bending angle and recovery ratio over one hour for TC-85 at 37 °C (N = 6), redrawn from Lee et al., Scientific Reports 2022, Figure 4. PETG showed no recovery. The 1 minute ratio is calculated from the published angle.

Static force after the 13th cycleRecovery rate

30 °C 7.02 N 78.11%
35 °C 2.00 N 77.20%
40 °C 0.45 N 92.76%
45 °C 0.18 N 99.18%

Material Stress relaxation and recovery by temperature TC-85 held at 2% strain for 60 minutes and released for 60 minutes, 13 cycles, at each temperature. Warmer specimens relaxed to a lower force and recovered more fully. Choi et al., Scientific Reports 2025.

Stiffness falls as it warms. Storage modulus drops markedly from 30 to 40 °C, then levels off above 40 °C.
Thickness matters when cool. At 30 °C the thicker specimens (0.5, 0.65 and 0.8 mm tested) reached a much higher peak force.
Less so at mouth temperature. Above 40 °C the link between thickness and peak force was no longer significant.

Shape memory Temperature and thickness Tensile and dynamic mechanical tests on TC-85 from 30 to 45 °C at three thicknesses. Choi et al., Scientific Reports 2025.

Deviation from the reference design, root mean square. Lower is more accurate.

Direct printed (TC-85) 0.140 ± 0.020 mm
Zendura FLX, thermoformed 0.188 ± 0.074 mm
Essix ACE, thermoformed 0.209 ± 0.094 mm

Fit Dimensional accuracy Twelve aligners of each type made from one reference file and compared by 3D scan. Koenig et al., Korean Journal of Orthodontics 2022.

After 14 days at 37 °C	Force at 1% strain	Force at 3% strain
Direct-printed resins (TC-85, TA-28, TR-07)	4.04 to 7.24 N	7.30 to 13.48 N
Thermoformed (Zendura A, Zendura FLX)	26.26 to 32.91 N	32.91 to 65.23 N

Material Fourteen-day in-vitro behaviour Tensile specimens tested after up to 14 days in 37 °C water. The printed resins delivered lower forces than the thermoformed sheets at the same strain. Oyonarte et al., Scientific Reports 2026.

Rectangular pressure area RPA · thermoformed aligner

Formed byThermoforming over a printed master
ProfileHalf-round, hollow
Test specimen7 × 8 mm, hollow RPA
LoadCompression between two platens

Customised pressure region CPR · direct-printed aligner

Formed byDirect 3D printing
ProfileRectangular block, hollow or filled
Test specimen7 × 8 mm, hollow or filled CPR
LoadCompression between two platens

Biomechanics Pressure regions: printed and thermoformed 7 × 8 mm compression specimens with a thermoformed rectangular pressure area (hollow) and a direct-printed customised pressure region (hollow or filled). Bae et al., Scientific Reports 2025.